Industrialization


 * The Growth of Industry **

After 1865 railroads changed the nation. They carried settlers west and rural dwellers to cities. They took raw materials to factories and finished goods to markets. They hired thousands. By **consolidating**-combining separate companies-a few powerful men controlled rail lines. These railroad **barons** used **rebates**-secret discounts-to bankrupt smaller companies. They made secret agreements which led to higher rates. These practices brought calls for government regulation, but the laws had little effect.

Between 1860 and 1890, the government granted more than 400,000 **patents** for inventions. They included the telephone, the vacuum cleaner, and the light bulb. Factories, streetlights, and living room lamps ran on electricity. After 1900 the automobile and the airplane ushered in modern transportation.

Companies raised money by forming **corporations** and selling stock to investors. The oil and steel industries grew rapidly. Mergers-combining of companies-concentrated power in a few giant corporations. These trusts gained monopolies-total control over an industry. They spurred economic growth, but people argued that, without competition, there was no reason to control prices or improve goods and services. The Sherman Antitrust Act banned trusts and monopolies but was ineffective.

Industrial growth in the late 1800s created jobs and raised, the **standard of living**, but workers paid a price for economic progress. Working in factories and mines was unhealthy and unsafe. Workers' organized' unions to demand better pay and working conditions. The Knights of Labor recruited women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled laborers. Violence and failures marred the early labor movement, but //it// did win some gains, and it did not die out.

In your note book, Sort the names and ideas into the columns where you think they belong
 * =United StatesRailroad Expansion in the late 1800s= ||
 * **Railroad Barons** || **Economic Growth** || **Competitive prices** || **Improvements and technology** || **Changes for Americans** ||

Answers to classroom questions
 * 1.The population is redistributed || 2. Collis P. Huntington || 3. Gustavus Swift develops refrigerator cars || 4. Iron mining and processing || 5. Industry shifts to the west ||
 * 6. Railroad equipment manufacturers || 7. Leland Stanford || 8. People move from the rural areas to the cities more easily || 9. A national system of four time zones || 10. James J. Hill ||
 * 11. Pools || 12. Construction companies || 13. George M. Pullman develops a luxury sleeping car. || 14. Cornelius Vanderbilt || 15. The standard gauge is adopted ||
 * 16. Steel industry || 17. George Westinghouse devises air brakes || 18. Eli H. Janney invents car couplers || 19. Lumber and coal industries || 20. rebates ||

Inventions change i
 * * Plentiful natural resources
 * Growing population
 * Improved transportation
 * High immigration
 * New Inventions
 * Investment capital
 * Government assistance
 * The inventions of the late 1800s made doing business easier.
 * The electric generator allowed electricity to be supplied to factories and businesses; the electric light bulb allowed people to work longer days into the night. Telephones made communication faster, over longer distances
 * Typewriters allowed written communication to be faster

Andrew Carnegie Gilded age: Why were business leaders afraid of unions? Recount the Pullman strike Describe the roles of Eugene Debs and Samuel Gompers
 * ** Standard time ** : solved the problem of trains passing over many time zones where the local people determined their own time by watching the movement of the sun
 * The Federal government wanted a transcontinental railroad to encourage people to settle the West ad help develop the economy
 * Trends started by Railroads that still exist today:
 * Strict schedules
 * Doing business with far away places
 * Building in places where water transportation was not available
 * Gained control of the steel industry by making best and cheapest product.
 * He bought iron ore mines and railroad and shipping companies
 * Trust:
 * Created to hold stock in many different companies
 * Used to create a monopoly of the oil industry which kept prices high
 * Term referring to the wealth of a few people which masked the poverty underlying society

Why did The growth of Railroads act as as a cause Industrial growth? Who was Mother Jones to the Labor movement? How were Pullman workers and sharecroppers similar? Why were Unions more successful attracting members in the late 1800s than the early 1800s?
 * Tammany forces governed New York City for 70 years. William Marcy Tweed headed Tammany and was successful by making the organization a statewide force in an era extreme corruption, government attempted to stem industrial abuses and the passage of antitrust walls. ||
 * * ** Urbanization ** : growth of cities resulting from industrialization
 * ** Tenement ** : overcrowded and rundown apartment house
 * Slum: a neighborhood over overcrowded tenements
 * ** Social gospel ** goal to improve the lives of the poor, led by many Christian groups
 * ** Jane Adams ** Woman who founded a settlement house, (practiced social Gospel )
 * ** Hull house ** : Settlement house offering daycare, education, health care
 * ** Political machine ** : organization which is large enough to influence local elections
 * ** Tammany hall: ** political machine headed by Boss Tweed, acted as a community center


 * Urban Problems reformers tried to solve:
 * Poverty
 * Crime
 * Sanitation
 * Disease
 * Overcrowding in slums
 * There were advantages and disadvantages of machine politics:
 * Machine politicians helped people get jobs and food, and settle into United States
 * However,
 * They broke the law to stay in power. and made bribes to affect the election
 * In the late 1800s, differences between new immigrants and earlier immigrants:
 * New immigrants came from eastern and Southern Europe
 * Earlier immigrants came from western and Northern Europe
 * The idea of the melting pot reflected U.S. immigration around 1900
 * Many aspects of immigrant culture were accepted ||